Constantine I - Revision history

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	[[Category:People]]		[[Category:People]]
	[[Category:Saints]]		[[Category:Saints]]
			[[Category:Monarchs]]

Occultwiki at 21:52, 7 March 2022

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:52, 7 March 2022
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	'''Constantine the Great''' was a Roman emperor reigning from 306 to 337.		'''Constantine the Great''' was a Roman emperor reigning from 306 to 337.

	He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.		He is venerated as a [[saint]] in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

	==Biography==		==Biography==
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	He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared tolerance for Christianity in the Roman Empire. He convoked the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which produced the statement of Christian belief known as the Nicene Creed. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders at the purported site of [[Jesus Christ\|Jesus]]' tomb in Jerusalem and was deemed the holiest place in all of Christendom. The papal claim to temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the fabricated Donation of Constantine.		He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared tolerance for Christianity in the Roman Empire. He convoked the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which produced the statement of Christian belief known as the Nicene Creed. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders at the purported site of [[Jesus Christ\|Jesus]]' tomb in Jerusalem and was deemed the holiest place in all of Christendom. The papal claim to temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the fabricated Donation of Constantine.

	He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" and he did favour the Christian Church. While some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity, he is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity, and did much for pushing Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture.		He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" and he did favour the Christian Church. While some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity, he is venerated as a [[saint]] in Eastern Christianity, and did much for pushing Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture.

	==Legacy==		==Legacy==

Occultwiki at 00:28, 20 February 2022

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	[[File:Constantine's head.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|Sculpture of Constantine's head]]		[[File:Constantine's head.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|Sculpture of Constantine's head]]
	'''Constantine the Great''' was a Roman emperor reigning from 306 to 337. He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.		'''Constantine the Great''' was a Roman emperor reigning from 306 to 337.

			He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

	==Biography==		==Biography==

Occultwiki at 00:27, 20 February 2022

2022-02-20T00:27:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:27, 20 February 2022
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	[[File:~~Foot of~~ Constantine ~~the Great~~.jpg\|thumb\|~~The colossal foot~~ of Constantine ~~the Great~~]]		[[File:Constantine's head.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|Sculpture of Constantine's head]]
	'''Constantine the Great''' was a Roman emperor reigning from 306 to 337. ~~Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea (now Niš, Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Constantius (~~a Roman army officer born in Dacia Ripensis who had been one of the four emperors of the Tetrarchy). His mother, Helena, was Greek and of low birth. Constantine served with distinction under the Roman emperors Diocletian and Galerius. He began by campaigning in the eastern provinces (against barbarians, and the Persians) before he was recalled in the west (in AD 305) to fight alongside his father in Britain. After his father's death in 306, Constantine became emperor; he was acclaimed by his army at Eboracum (York, England). He emerged victorious in the civil wars against emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire by 324.		'''Constantine the Great''' was a Roman emperor reigning from 306 to 337. He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

	~~Upon his ascension to emperor~~, ~~Constantine enacted numerous reforms to strengthen the empire. He restructured the government~~, ~~separating civil and military authorities. To combat inflation~~ he ~~introduced~~ the ~~solidus,~~ a ~~new gold coin that became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The~~ Roman army ~~was reorganised to consist~~ of ~~mobile units (comitatenses~~), and ~~garrison troops (limitanei) capable~~ of ~~countering internal threats and barbarian invasions~~. Constantine ~~pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on~~ the Roman ~~frontiers—such as~~ the ~~Franks~~, the ~~Alamanni~~, the ~~Goths~~ and the ~~Sarmatians—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis~~ of the ~~Third Century with citizens of~~ Roman ~~culture once more~~.		==Biography==
			Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea (now Niš, Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Constantius (a Roman army officer born in Dacia Ripensis who had been one of the four emperors of the Tetrarchy). His mother, Helena, was Greek and of low birth. Constantine served with distinction under the Roman emperors Diocletian and Galerius. He began by campaigning in the eastern provinces (against barbarians, and the Persians) before he was recalled in the west (in AD 305) to fight alongside his father in Britain. After his father's death in 306, Constantine became emperor; he was acclaimed by his army at Eboracum (York, England). He emerged victorious in the civil wars against emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire by 324.

	~~Constantine was the first Roman~~ emperor ~~to convert to Christianity.[notes 2] Although he lived much of his life as a pagan~~, ~~and later as a catechumen, he began~~ to favor Christianity beginning in 312, finally becoming a Christian and being baptised by either Eusebius of Nicomedia, an Arian bishop, as attested by many notable Arian historical figures, or Pope Sylvester I, which is maintained by the Catholic Church and the ~~Coptic Orthodox Church~~. He ~~played an influential role in the proclamation of~~ the ~~Edict of Milan in 313~~, ~~which declared tolerance for Christianity in the Roman Empire~~. ~~He convoked~~ the ~~First Council of Nicaea in 325~~, ~~which produced~~ the ~~statement of Christian belief known as the Nicene Creed~~. The ~~Church of the Holy Sepulchre~~ was ~~built on his orders at the purported site~~ of ~~Jesus~~' ~~tomb in Jerusalem~~ and ~~was deemed the holiest place in all~~ of ~~Christendom~~. ~~The papal claim to temporal power in~~ the ~~High Middle Ages was based~~ on the ~~fabricated Donation of Constantine. He has historically been referred to~~ as the ~~"First Christian Emperor"~~ and ~~he did favour~~ the ~~Christian Church. While some modern scholars debate~~ his ~~beliefs and even his comprehension~~ of ~~Christianity,[notes 3] he is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity, and did much for pushing Christianity towards~~ the ~~mainstream~~ of Roman culture.		Upon his ascension to emperor, Constantine enacted numerous reforms to strengthen the empire. He restructured the government, separating civil and military authorities. To combat inflation he introduced the solidus, a new gold coin that became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile units (''comitatenses''), and garrison troops (''limitanei'') capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—such as the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths and the Sarmatians—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century with citizens of Roman culture once more.

	~~The age~~ of ~~Constantine marked a distinct epoch in~~ the ~~history~~ of the ~~Roman Empire and a pivotal moment in the transition from classical antiquity~~ to the ~~Middle Ages. He built a new imperial residence at the city~~ of ~~Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself~~. ~~It subsequently became the capital of the empire for more than~~ a ~~thousand years, the later Eastern Roman Empire being referred to~~ as the ~~Byzantine Empire by modern historians. His more immediate political legacy was~~ that he ~~replaced Diocletian's Tetrarchy with~~ the ~~de facto principle of dynastic succession~~, ~~by leaving~~ the ~~empire to~~ his ~~sons~~ and ~~other members of~~ the ~~Constantinian dynasty. His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign~~. The ~~medieval church held him up as a paragon~~ of ~~virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference and~~ the ~~symbol of imperial legitimacy~~ and ~~identity. Beginning with~~ the ~~Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his reign, due~~ to ~~the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Trends~~ in ~~modern and recent scholarship have attempted to balance~~ the ~~extremes~~ of ~~previous scholarship~~.		===Vision of the Cross===
			The [[Vision of the Cross]] is an event that occurred prior to the Battle of Milvian Bridge on 27 October 312. Constantine had a vision that he interpreted as a sign from the Christian [[Yahweh\|god]] that he would be victorious against his rival, Emperor Maxentius. He used the sign he saw, the [[Chi-Rho]] as his standard and won the battle. The experience of having the vision and winning the battle eventually led Constantine to embrace Christianity and convert later in life, although he still worshipped [[Sol Invictus]] for the remainder of his life.

	[[Category: People]]		==Christianity==
			Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to [[Christianity]]. Although he lived much of his life as a [[Paganism\|pagan]], and later as a catechumen, he began to favor Christianity beginning in 312, finally becoming a Christian and being baptised by either Eusebius of Nicomedia, an Arian bishop, as attested by many notable Arian historical figures, or Pope Sylvester I, which is maintained by the Catholic Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church.

			He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared tolerance for Christianity in the Roman Empire. He convoked the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which produced the statement of Christian belief known as the Nicene Creed. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders at the purported site of [[Jesus Christ\|Jesus]]' tomb in Jerusalem and was deemed the holiest place in all of Christendom. The papal claim to temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the fabricated Donation of Constantine.

			He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" and he did favour the Christian Church. While some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity, he is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity, and did much for pushing Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture.

			==Legacy==
			The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire and a pivotal moment in the transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. He built a new imperial residence at the city of Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself. It subsequently became the capital of the empire for more than a thousand years, the later Eastern Roman Empire being referred to as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians.

			His more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Diocletian's Tetrarchy with the ''de facto'' principle of dynastic succession, by leaving the empire to his sons and other members of the Constantinian dynasty. His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign. The medieval church held him up as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity.

			Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his reign, due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Trends in modern and recent scholarship have attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship.

			===Constantius II===
			Constantine's son, Constantius II, began a policy of [[religious policies of Constantius II\|severe persecution]] against [[paganism]], which was the dominant religion across the empire at the time of his reign. Laws dating from the 350s prescribed the death penalty for those who performed or attended pagan sacrifices, and for the worshipping of idols. Pagan temples were shut down, and the Altar of Victory was removed from the Senate meeting house. There were also frequent episodes of ordinary Christians destroying, pillaging and desecrating many ancient pagan temples, tombs and monuments.

			[[Category:People]]
			[[Category:Saints]]

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[[File:Foot of Constantine the Great.jpg|thumb|The colossal foot of Constantine the Great]]
'''Constantine the Great''' was a Roman emperor reigning from 306 to 337. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea (now Niš, Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Constantius (a Roman army officer born in Dacia Ripensis who had been one of the four emperors of the Tetrarchy). His mother, Helena, was Greek and of low birth. Constantine served with distinction under the Roman emperors Diocletian and Galerius. He began by campaigning in the eastern provinces (against barbarians, and the Persians) before he was recalled in the west (in AD 305) to fight alongside his father in Britain. After his father's death in 306, Constantine became emperor; he was acclaimed by his army at Eboracum (York, England). He emerged victorious in the civil wars against emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire by 324.

Upon his ascension to emperor, Constantine enacted numerous reforms to strengthen the empire. He restructured the government, separating civil and military authorities. To combat inflation he introduced the solidus, a new gold coin that became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile units (comitatenses), and garrison troops (limitanei) capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—such as the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths and the Sarmatians—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century with citizens of Roman culture once more.

Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.[notes 2] Although he lived much of his life as a pagan, and later as a catechumen, he began to favor Christianity beginning in 312, finally becoming a Christian and being baptised by either Eusebius of Nicomedia, an Arian bishop, as attested by many notable Arian historical figures, or Pope Sylvester I, which is maintained by the Catholic Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church. He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared tolerance for Christianity in the Roman Empire. He convoked the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which produced the statement of Christian belief known as the Nicene Creed. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders at the purported site of Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem and was deemed the holiest place in all of Christendom. The papal claim to temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the fabricated Donation of Constantine. He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" and he did favour the Christian Church. While some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity,[notes 3] he is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity, and did much for pushing Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture.

The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire and a pivotal moment in the transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. He built a new imperial residence at the city of Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself. It subsequently became the capital of the empire for more than a thousand years, the later Eastern Roman Empire being referred to as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians. His more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Diocletian's Tetrarchy with the de facto principle of dynastic succession, by leaving the empire to his sons and other members of the Constantinian dynasty. His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign. The medieval church held him up as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity. Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his reign, due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Trends in modern and recent scholarship have attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship.

[[Category: People]]