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[[File:Bad Lord Soules.jpg|200px|left]]
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'''[[William II de Soules]]''', also known as '''Bad Lord Soules''', was a Scottish border noble during the Wars of Scottish Independence. Scottish lore maintains that a Soules was a practitioner of [[black magic]] being schooled with [[Michael Scot]], the "wizard of the North." He is supposed to have made a [[diabolical pact|pact]] with [[the Devil]], and murdered people in exchange for power and wealth. Soules conducted his rituals in Hermitage Castle and they involved the sacrifice of animals that were the color black.
A '''[[witch]]''' is a practitioner of [[witchcraft]]. Although the term can be gender-neutral, it is usually used to describe a female who uses [[ritual magic|magic]], while a male engaging in similar practices is called a [[warlock]]. The word witch derives from the Old English nouns ƿiċċa [ˈwittʃɑ] and ƿiċċe [ˈwittʃe] ('sorceress, female witch'). The word's further origins in Proto-Germanic and Proto-Indo-European are unclear. The Old English verb ''wiccian'' has a cognate in Middle Low German ''wicken'' (attested from the 13th century, besides ''wichelen'' 'to bewitch').


In his poem, ''Lord Soulis'', poet John Leyden adapted the story of William II de Soules into a villain named Bad Lord Soules. Scott claims Soules had a [[familiar]] named Robin Redcap, a type of malevolent, murderous goblin commonly found in Scottish folklore. In retaliation for a long history of cruelty, locals boiled Lord Soules alive at Ninestane Rig. The more likely culprit would have been Sir Ranulf (Randolph) de Soules of Liddel (born c.1150 and murdered by his servants in 1207/8).
Throughout history there has not been a consistent definition of the term "witch." Johannes Nider and other 15th century writers used the Latin term ''maleficus'' to mean witch—a person who performed ''maleficium'', harmful acts of sorcery, against others.


'''([[William II de Soules|Full Article...]])'''
'''([[Witch|Full Article...]])'''