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The 4th-century Roman author Macrobius mentions another annual Egyptian festival dedicated to Horus in his Chronicon. Macrobius specifies this festival as occurring on the [[winter solstice]]. The 4th-century Christian bishop Epiphanius of Salamis also mentions a winter solstice festival of Horus in his Panarion. However, this festival is not attested in any native Egyptian sources. | The 4th-century Roman author Macrobius mentions another annual Egyptian festival dedicated to Horus in his Chronicon. Macrobius specifies this festival as occurring on the [[winter solstice]]. The 4th-century Christian bishop Epiphanius of Salamis also mentions a winter solstice festival of Horus in his Panarion. However, this festival is not attested in any native Egyptian sources. | ||
==Four sons of Horus== | |||
The four sons of Horus were a group of four deities in ancient [[Egyptian religion]] who were believed to protect deceased people in the afterlife. The were especially connected with the four canopic jars that housed the internal organs that were removed from the body of the deceased during the process of mummification. The canopic jars were given lids that represented the heads of the sons of Horus. | |||
* [[Imseti]] (human) - liver | |||
* [[Hapi]] (baboon) - lungs | |||
* Duamutef (jackal) - stomach | |||
* Qebehsenuef (falcon) - intestines | |||
The four sons were also linked with [[Egyptian decans|stars in the sky]], with regions of Egypt, and with the cardinal directions. | |||
The worship of the sons of Horus was almost entirely restricted to the funerary sphere. They were first mentioned late in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC) in the [[Pyramid Texts]] and continued to be invoked in funerary texts throughout ancient Egyptian history. Their connection with the canopic jars was established in the First Intermediate Period, and afterward they became ubiquitous in the decoration of canopic chests, coffins, and sarcophagi. Although they were increasingly closely associated with the internal organs, they continued to appear in burial equipment even after the use of canopic jars was abandoned in the Ptolemaic Period (303–30 BC), disappearing only in the fourth century AD with the extinction of the ancient Egyptian funerary tradition. | |||
[[Category:Egyptology]] | [[Category:Egyptology]] | ||
[[Category:Deities]] | [[Category:Deities]] | ||