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-[[File:Urim and Thummim.png|250px|left]]
+[[File:John-Dee-Evoking.jpg|250px|left]]
-The '''[[Urim and Thummim]]''' are elements of the hoshen, the breastplate worn by the High Priest attached to the ephod. They are connected with [[cleromancy]] ([[divination]] by casting lots). Most scholars suspect that the phrase refers to a set of two objects used by the high priest to answer a question or reveal the will of [[Yahweh|God]].
+'''[[Necromancy]]''' is the practice of [[ritual magic|magic]] or [[black magic]] involving communication with the dead – either by summoning their spirits as apparitions, visions or raising them bodily – for the purpose of [[divination]], imparting the means to [[Clairvoyance|foretell future events]], discover hidden knowledge, to bring someone back from the dead, or to use the dead as a weapon. Sometimes referred to as "Death Magic," the term may also sometimes be used in a more general sense to refer to black magic or [[witchcraft]].
-The Urim and the Thummim first appear in the [[Bible|Biblical]] verse Exodus 28:30, where they are named for inclusion on the breastplate to be worn by Aaron in the holy place. Other books, especially 1 Samuel, describe their uses. The chronologically earliest passage in the [[Bible]] mentioning the Urim and Thummim, according to textual scholars, is in the Book of Hosea, where it is implied, by reference to the Ephod, that the Urim and Thummim were fundamental elements in [[Judaism]], in the mid 8th century BC.
+Early necromancy was related to – and most likely evolved from – [[shaman]]ism, which calls upon spirits such as the ghosts of ancestors. Classical necromancers addressed the dead in "a mixture of high-pitch squeaking and low droning", comparable to the trance-state mutterings of shamans. Necromancy was prevalent throughout antiquity with records of its practice in ancient Egypt, Babylonia, Greece and Rome.
-Consulting the Urim and Thummim was permitted for determining territorial boundaries, and was required, in addition to permission from the king or a prophet, if there was an intention to expand Jerusalem or the Temple in Jerusalem. The classical rabbinical writers argued that the Urim and Thummim were only permitted to be consulted by very prominent figures such as army generals, the most senior of court figures, and kings.
+Though [[Judaism|Jewish]] Law prescribed the death penalty to practitioners of necromancy (Leviticus 20:27), this warning was not always heeded. One of the foremost examples is when King Saul had the [[Witch of Endor]] invoke the spirit of Samuel, a judge and [[prophet]], from Sheol using a ritual conjuring pit (1 Samuel 28:3–25).
-'''([[Urim and Thummim|Full Article...]])'''
+'''([[Necromancy|Full Article...]])'''