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==Connection with witchcraft== | ==Connection with witchcraft== | ||
[[File:La Voisin Black Mass.jpg|400px|thumb|The Guibourg Mass by Henry de Malvost, from the book ''Le Satanisme et la magie'' by Jules Bois]] | [[File:La Voisin Black Mass.jpg|400px|thumb|The Guibourg Mass by Henry de Malvost, from the book ''Le Satanisme et la magie'' by Jules Bois]] | ||
A further source of late Medieval and Early Modern involvement with parodies and alterations of the Mass, were the writings of the European [[witch-hunt]], which saw [[witch]]es as being agents of [[the Devil]], who were described as inverting the Christian Mass and employing the stolen Host for diabolical ends. Witch-hunter's manuals such as the ''[[Malleus Maleficarum]]'' (1487) and the ''Compendium Maleficarum'' (1608) allude to these practices, although they bore little basis in reality. The first complete depiction of a blasphemy of the Mass in connection with the witches' [[sabbat|sabbath]], was given in Florimond de Raemond's 1597 French work, ''The Antichrist'' (written as a Catholic response to the Protestant claim that the Pope was the Antichrist). | A further source of late Medieval and Early Modern involvement with parodies and alterations of the Mass, were the writings of the European [[witch-hunt]], which saw [[witch]]es as being agents of [[the Devil]], who were described as inverting the Christian Mass and employing the stolen Host for diabolical ends. Witch-hunter's manuals such as the ''[[Malleus Maleficarum]]'' (1487) and the ''Compendium Maleficarum'' (1608) allude to these practices, although they bore little basis in reality. The first complete depiction of a blasphemy of the Mass in connection with the witches' [[sabbat|sabbath]], was given in Florimond de Raemond's 1597 French work, ''The Antichrist'' (written as a Catholic response to the Protestant claim that the Pope was the [[Antichrist]]). | ||
The most sophisticated and detailed descriptions of the Black Mass to have been produced in early modern Europe are found in the Basque witch-hunts of 1609–1614. It has recently been argued by academics including Emma Wilby that the emphasis on the Black Mass in these trials evolved out of a particularly creative interaction between interrogators keen to find evidence of the rite and a Basque peasants who were deeply committed to a wide range of unorthodox religious practices such as "cursing" Masses, liturgical misrule and the widespread misuse of Catholic ritual elements in forbidden magical conjurations. | The most sophisticated and detailed descriptions of the Black Mass to have been produced in early modern Europe are found in the Basque witch-hunts of 1609–1614. It has recently been argued by academics including Emma Wilby that the emphasis on the Black Mass in these trials evolved out of a particularly creative interaction between interrogators keen to find evidence of the rite and a Basque peasants who were deeply committed to a wide range of unorthodox religious practices such as "cursing" Masses, liturgical misrule and the widespread misuse of Catholic ritual elements in forbidden magical conjurations. | ||