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Within Judaism, there are a variety of religious movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism, which holds that [[Yahweh|God]] revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. Historically, all or part of this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period;the Karaites during the early and later medieval period; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations. | Within Judaism, there are a variety of religious movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism, which holds that [[Yahweh|God]] revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. Historically, all or part of this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period;the Karaites during the early and later medieval period; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations. | ||
Some modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be considered secular or nontheistic. | Some modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be considered secular or [[atheism|nontheistic]]. | ||
Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to halakha (Jewish law), the authority of the rabbinic tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel. | Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to halakha (Jewish law), the authority of the rabbinic tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel. | ||
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===In the Bible=== | ===In the Bible=== | ||
Though Jewish Law prescribed the death penalty to practitioners of [[necromancy]] (Leviticus 20:27), this warning was not always heeded. One of the foremost examples is when King Saul had the [[Witch of Endor]] invoke the spirit of Samuel, a judge and [[prophet]], from Sheol using a ritual conjuring pit (1 Samuel 28:3–25). However, the witch was shocked at the presence of the real spirit of Samuel for it says, "when the woman saw Samuel, she cried out in a loud voice." | Though Jewish Law prescribed the death penalty to practitioners of [[necromancy]] (Leviticus 20:27), this warning was not always heeded. One of the foremost examples is when King Saul had the [[Witch of Endor]] invoke the spirit of Samuel, a judge and [[prophet]], from Sheol using a ritual conjuring pit (1 Samuel 28:3–25). However, the [[witch]] was shocked at the presence of the real spirit of Samuel for it says, "when the woman saw Samuel, she cried out in a loud voice." | ||
Samuel questioned his reawakening asking, "Why hast thou disquieted me?" Saul did not receive a death penalty (his being the highest authority in the land) but he did receive it from [[Yahweh|God]] himself as prophesied by Samuel during that conjuration – within a day he died in battle along with his son Jonathan. | Samuel questioned his reawakening asking, "Why hast thou disquieted me?" Saul did not receive a death penalty (his being the highest authority in the land) but he did receive it from [[Yahweh|God]] himself as prophesied by Samuel during that conjuration – within a day he died in battle along with his son Jonathan. | ||