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[[File:Umbanda Participant.jpg|400px|thumb|Mam'etu Sia Vanju participating in an Umbanda ritual]] | [[File:Umbanda Participant.jpg|400px|thumb|Mam'etu Sia Vanju participating in an Umbanda ritual]] | ||
'''Umbanda''' is a religion that emerged in Brazil during the 1920s. Deriving largely from Spiritism, it also combines elements from [[African diaspora religion|Afro-Brazilian]] traditions like [[Candomblé]] as well as [[Christianity|Roman Catholicism]]. | '''Umbanda''' is a religion that emerged in Brazil during the 1920s. Deriving largely from [[Spiritualism|Spiritism]], it also combines elements from [[African diaspora religion|Afro-Brazilian]] traditions like [[Candomblé]] as well as [[Christianity|Roman Catholicism]]. | ||
There is no central authority in control of Umbanda, which is organized around autonomous places of worship termed ''centros'' or ''terreiros'', the followers of which are called Umbandistas. | There is no central authority in control of Umbanda, which is organized around autonomous places of worship termed ''centros'' or ''terreiros'', the followers of which are called Umbandistas. | ||
==Beliefs== | ==Beliefs== | ||
Umbandist theology is largely Spiritist in basis, adopting the Spiritist emphasis on reincarnation and spiritual evolution as well as the hierarchical ranking of spirits according to their "degree of evolution." Umbanda teaches that everyone has a spirit that survives bodily death and goes on successive reincarnations, seeking ever higher levels of spiritual evolution. | Umbandist theology is largely Spiritist in basis, adopting the Spiritist emphasis on [[reincarnation]] and spiritual evolution as well as the hierarchical ranking of spirits according to their "degree of evolution." Umbanda teaches that everyone has a spirit that survives bodily death and goes on successive reincarnations, seeking ever higher levels of spiritual evolution. | ||
===Conception of God=== | ===Conception of God=== | ||
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==Competition== | ==Competition== | ||
In response to the growth of Umbanda, Spiritism, and Pentecostalism, Brazil's dominant Roman Catholic Church mounted a campaign against these minority religions, one later formally terminated due to the changes of the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s. | In response to the growth of Umbanda, [[Spiritualism|Spiritism]], and Pentecostalism, Brazil's dominant Roman Catholic Church mounted a campaign against these minority religions, one later formally terminated due to the changes of the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s. | ||
During the 1970s, [[Candomblé]] spread from Bahia into São Paulo, where it grew rapidly, largely at the expense of Umbanda. Some Umbanda temples transformed into Candomblé temples. Conversely, Umbanda saw growth in northern Brazil during this period. The 1970s also saw the rise in attempts to "re-Africanize" Umbanda by emphasising African elements, reflecting a broader revival of interest in African cultural heritage among [[African diaspora religion|Afro-Brazilians]]. | During the 1970s, [[Candomblé]] spread from Bahia into São Paulo, where it grew rapidly, largely at the expense of Umbanda. Some Umbanda temples transformed into Candomblé temples. Conversely, Umbanda saw growth in northern Brazil during this period. The 1970s also saw the rise in attempts to "re-Africanize" Umbanda by emphasising African elements, reflecting a broader revival of interest in African cultural heritage among [[African diaspora religion|Afro-Brazilians]]. | ||