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[[File:Urim and Thummim.png|250px|left]]
[[File:Duamutef Figure.jpg|200px|left]]
The '''[[Urim and Thummim]]''' are elements of the hoshen, the breastplate worn by the High Priest attached to the ephod. They are connected with [[cleromancy]] ([[divination]] by casting lots). Most scholars suspect that the phrase refers to a set of two objects used by the high priest to answer a question or reveal the will of [[Yahweh|God]].
'''[[Duamutef]]''' is an [[Egyptian religion|ancient Egyptian]] god, one of the four sons of [[Horus]] along with along with [[Hapy]], [[Imsety]], and [[Qebehsenuef]]. Duamutef was associated with the protection of the stomach in mummification rituals. He is typically depicted with a jackal's head and is often represented on canopic jars, which held the embalmed organs of the deceased. He is associated with the east.


The Urim and the Thummim first appear in the [[Bible|Biblical]] verse Exodus 28:30, where they are named for inclusion on the breastplate to be worn by Aaron in the holy place. Other books, especially 1 Samuel, describe their uses. The chronologically earliest passage in the [[Bible]] mentioning the Urim and Thummim, according to textual scholars, is in the Book of Hosea, where it is implied, by reference to the Ephod, that the Urim and Thummim were fundamental elements in [[Judaism]], in the mid 8th century BC.
Canopic jars were containers used by the ancient Egyptians during the mummification process, to store and preserve the viscera of their soul for the afterlife. Each of [[Horus]]'s sons were responsible for protecting a particular organ, was himself protected by a companion goddess, and represented a cardinal direction. Duamutef protected the stomach, which was extracted from the body, mummified separately, and placed inside his jar. In some later tombs, these jars were merely symbolic and did not contain the actual organs. Although Duamutef is most prominently found in funerary context as a canopic jar, he is possibly more closely associated with the [[Egyptian decans]].


Consulting the Urim and Thummim was permitted for determining territorial boundaries, and was required, in addition to permission from the king or a prophet, if there was an intention to expand Jerusalem or the Temple in Jerusalem. The classical rabbinical writers argued that the Urim and Thummim were only permitted to be consulted by very prominent figures such as army generals, the most senior of court figures, and kings.
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'''([[Urim and Thummim|Full Article...]])'''

Latest revision as of 15:09, 24 March 2026

Duamutef Figure.jpg

Duamutef is an ancient Egyptian god, one of the four sons of Horus along with along with Hapy, Imsety, and Qebehsenuef. Duamutef was associated with the protection of the stomach in mummification rituals. He is typically depicted with a jackal's head and is often represented on canopic jars, which held the embalmed organs of the deceased. He is associated with the east.

Canopic jars were containers used by the ancient Egyptians during the mummification process, to store and preserve the viscera of their soul for the afterlife. Each of Horus's sons were responsible for protecting a particular organ, was himself protected by a companion goddess, and represented a cardinal direction. Duamutef protected the stomach, which was extracted from the body, mummified separately, and placed inside his jar. In some later tombs, these jars were merely symbolic and did not contain the actual organs. Although Duamutef is most prominently found in funerary context as a canopic jar, he is possibly more closely associated with the Egyptian decans.

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